Terms approach gradient approach-approach conflict approach-avoidance conflict attention avoidance gradient avoidance-avoidance conflict behavior potential behaviorists compensation conflict contingency contracts cue discovery learning double approach-avoidance conflict drive secondary reinforcer environment planning escape excessive punishment expectation (E) external locus of control extinction frustration inactivity incompatible response internal locus of control internal representation labeling learned helplessness locus on control minimal goal modeling motivation observational learning primary reinforcer psychoanalytic learning theory reciprocal determinism reinforcement reinforcement value (RV) reproduction response retention Rumpelstiltskin effect self-regulation self-reinforcement stupidity-misery syndrome unconscious unconscious behavior vicarious learning