Outline

Anna Freud (1895-1982) Emphasized repression as main defense mechanism (acting on impulse can hurt you) Emphasized ego Defend your ego by separating ideas and feelings, Projection (putting your feelings onto someone else), Self aggressive behavior (suicide is an extreme example). Play time as normal; shows child’s adaptation to reality; not necessarily revels unconscious conflicts Application of psychoanalysis to new areas Study of children (coauthor: Dorothy Burlingham) showed children’s reaction to combat (impact of bombing raids on British children) not instinctive reaction; look to mother for her reaction Emphasis on protective, supportive and educational attitudes Personality comes out of a developmental sequence Produced a classification system of childhood symptoms; created the "diagnostic profile" (a formal assessment procedure) developmental lines = series of id-ego interactions; children decrease dependence on external controls 1. dependency to emotional self-reliance 2. sucking to rational eating 3. wetting and soiling to bladder and bowel control 4. irresponsibility to responsibility 5. play to work 6. egocentricity to companionship Ego must become aware of the defenses it is using (can infer them from behavior) Analysis of defenses permits one to understand the child’s life history Importance of paying attention to patient’s maturation level Developed a concept of normality for the adolescent period period of disharmony but the crisis is "normative" and functional clarified which types of acting out are normal and which aren’t Believed there are realistic limits to psychoanalysis Wrote on the process of identification with the aggressor (victim reacts with gratitude and admiration) Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) Life  no college degree; in Vienna, started a progressive, non-graded, Montessori style school Invited by Anna Freud to be analyzed by her and become a child analyst Coined "identity crisis" Ego is a creative problem solver; gives coherence to experiences (conscious and unconscious) maintains effective performance (not just avoid anxiety); has adaptive defenses organizing capacity (can reconcile discontinuities and ambiguities) develops strengths at each stage of development Elaborated on Feud’s stages (added a social dimension) psychosocial stage characteristics children try to understand and relate to the world an emotional polarity or specific conflict epigenetic (upon emergence) sequential, hierarchical, personality becomes more complex personal timetable; not strict time periods but there are critical periods behaviors from 1 stage don’t disappear when the next starts each has its own "life crisis" and virtue 8 stages 1. Trust vs distrust: Hope if unresolved, perceive world as indifferent or hostile not fully resolved in 1st year of life 2. Autonomy vs shame-doubt: Will must become self-willed and take chances with trust negativism of 2 yr. old (No) = attempt to autonomy 3. Initiative vs guilt: Purpose preschoolers: ask why begin to image goals can reach; language more polished; engage in projects Oedipus complex (called it generational complex) 4. Industry vs inferiority: Competence focus moves to the ego conscious of doing superior or inferior work; industriousness = make something well 5. Ego identity vs role confusion: Fidelity faithful to an ideological point of view question way life is; begin to reconstruct roles and skills into a mature sense of identity role confusion = unable to conceive self as productive member of society confusion of values (important to give kids ideals they can share enthusiastically) identify crisis = failure to establish stable identity negative identity = opposed to dominant values of their upbringing 6. Intimacy vs isolation: Love overcome the fear of ego loss; form a close affiliation with another 7. Generativity vs stagnation: Care parenthood is one way to express generativity; ability to be productive and creative if don’t have kids, work with other people’s kids or help create a better world for them importance of procreative desires of human beings 8. Ego integrity vs despair: Wisdom ability to reflect on one’s life with satisfaction even if all dreams weren’t met Emphasized life span; impact of culture, society and history on developing personality Wrote psycho-historical studies of famous people Karen Horney (1885-1952) 1st to challenge Freud’s ideas about women Anxiety is the basis of human condition created by social forces not by human predicament Basic Evil = all of the negative factors in the environment domination, isolation, overprotection Children’s fears may be objectively unrealistic but for them they are real. Essential for healthy personality development that they feel safe and secure Significance of early relationships in their totality Oedipus complex is the result of parents not responding with pride and empathy to growth of their children. We use strategies to deal with or minimize feelings of anxiety. Neurotic needs or trends = exaggerated or inappropriate strivings Neurotic trends are the result of the formative experiences that create basic anxiety. 10 different neurotic needs Exaggerated need for affection and approval Need for dominant partner Exaggerated need for power Need to exploit others Exaggerated need for social recognition or prestige Exaggerated need for personal admiration Exaggerated ambition for personal achievement Need to restrict one's life within narrow boundaries Exaggerated need for self-sufficiency and independence Need for perfection and unassailability 3 types of coping strategies moving toward (compliance) moving against (hostility) moving away (detachment) 3 basic orientations, respectively self-effacing solutions (appeal to be loved) self expansive solution (attempt at mastery) resignation solution (desire to be free of others) 2 types of self real self = things that are true about us idealized self = what should be similar to Freud’s concept of the ego-ideal a special need of the individual to keep up appearances of perfection In normal person: idealized and real self coincide because idealized self is based on realistic assessment of one’s abilities and potentials. A person is able to recognize and develop only those aspects of the real self that coincide with the idealized self. Neurotics are governed by the Tyranny of the Should Feminine Psychology Men and women develop fantasies in their efforts to copy with the Oedipal situation Womb envy Jealous over women’s ability to bear and nurse children Shows itself in rituals of taboo, isolation & cleansing associated with menstruation and childbirth Need to disparage women Accuse them of witchcraft Belittle their achievements Deny them equal rights Womb envy and penis envy are compliments Men and women have an impulse to be creative and productive Natural need Women satisfy this need internally and externally Men can satisfy their need only externally through accomplishments in the external world "Flight from womenhood" can be observed in society inhibit women’s femininity they become frigid Women distrust men and rebuff their advances but wish they were male Sexual unresponsiveness is not the normal attitude of women Essence of being a women lies in motherhood Defined the feminine self in terms of women’s own self and not in terms of her relationship with a man Women should reach freedom from inner bondage We engage in self-analysis when we try to account for the motive behind our behaviors. 4 prerequisites for good decision making be aware of our real feelings create our own set of values Make a deliberate choice between 2 opposite possibilities take responsibility for the decision we make Emphasis on an individual’s current situation rather than on the past Erich Fromm (1900-1980) Combined Freud and Marx Freedom is a basic human condition To be human is to be isolated and lonely one is distinct from nature and others loneliness represent basic human condition separates humans from animal nature Know we going to die, so we have a feeling of despair 3 escape mechanisms 1. Authoritarianism domination permit other to dominate or seem to dominate and control others 2. Destructiveness elimination of others or outside world 3. Automaton conformity cease to be themselves adopt the type of personality preferred by their culture "the loss of the self" Escape mechanisms are forces in normal people 5 Basic Needs relatedness transcendence rootedness sense of identity frame of orientation & object of devotion Later added "excitation and stimulation" Our primary drive is toward the affirmation of life In a capitalistic society, acquiring money is a means of establishing a sense of identify In an authoritarian society, identifying with the leader or state provide a sense of identify We create society in order to fulfill our needs but the type of society that we create structures and limits the way our need can be met Character is determined by culture and its objectives authoritarian ethics have their source in a conscience that is rooted outside the individual humanistic ethics represent true virtue in the sense of the unfolding of a person’s powers biophilous character = seek to live life necrophilous character = attracted to what is dead and decaying and seeks to destroy life Malignant forms of aggression can be substantially reduced when socioeconomic conditions that favor the fulfillment of human needs and potential are developed in a particular society Productive love is an art; productive love is the true creative answer to human loneliness symbiotic relationships are immature or pseudo forms of love 1976, added two basic modes or orientations having mode = relies on the possessions that a person has being mode = fact of existence Everyone is capable of both the having and being modes but that society determines which of the modes will prevail. Field study of a Mexican village; Michael Maccoby (coauthored it) landowners (productive-hoarding); poor workers (unproductive-receptive); business group (productive-exploitative) Object Relations Intrapsychic experience of early relationships with others Babies+ relate to individuals and form attachments Relationship between intrapsychic dynamics and interpersonal relationships   Melanie Klein (1882-1960) British, competitor of Anna Freud; modified Freud’s drive theory drives are psychological forces that seek people as their objects Children construct an internal representation of people apply that representation to real people project them onto real people she’s like Mom; he’s like Uncle Fred those early stereotypes make it hard to relate to people as they are Split objects and feelings into good and bad aspects because have anxiety over aggressive impulses objects are good feelings are bad Emphasized 1. interaction of unconscious fantasies and real experiences 2. children are slow development realistic relationships with the world   Margaret Mahler (1897-1985) psychological birth begins with symbiotic fusion of child and mother emerges as separate individual unfolding process separation = physical differentiation individuation = psychological growth toward own identity 2 forerunner phases (move from narcissism to recognition of the external world) 1. normal autism 2. normal symbiosis 4 stages of the separation-individuation process 1. body image (5-9 months) 2. practicing (10-14 months) perfecting motor abilities developing physical independence 3. rapprochement (14-24 months) increased awareness of separateness from mother conflict: urge to separate and fear of loss can see it when absent from mother recognize mother has good and bad aspects 4. consolidation (2-3 years) unification of the good and bad mother beginnings of child’s own individuality; separate personhood development of a self concept based on the a stable sense of "me" Normal healthy infants have drive for and towards individuation 2 realities 1. importance of interpersonal dynamics 2. unconscious reality Compared severely disturbed and normal children Ego passes through stages separation-individuation process begins about 4th month; forms stable self concept by 3rd yr. Criticism no reciprocity (mother as separate person as well) Stern: babies hard-wired than Mahler thought Mahler’s idea that infants have an undifferentiated experience of self and mother is incompatible with recent findings about the sophisticate functioning of infants   Heinz Kohut (1913-1981) Extended Margaret Mahler’s observations Importance of child-mother relationships Self theory Narcissism individual fails to develop an independent sense of self exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-involvement behaviors hides a fragile sense of self worth narcissism isn’t at just one stage gradually unfolds permeates the entire life span leads to a distorted sense of self from a failure in parental empathy children need to be mirrored (talk acknowledged & accomplishments praised) looking for an idealized parent substitute that can never be found In ideal development, nuclear self emerges in 2nd year bipolar self creates a tension arc that fosters the development of early skills and talents archic nuclear ambitions subsequent goals The ideal autonomous self has qualities of self-esteem and self-confidence shows lack of dependency on others Narcissistic disorder recurrent self-absorption low self-esteem unimportant physical complaints chronic sense of emptiness addictions a futile attempt to repair development deficits in the self" cult membership Therapy Psychoanalysis can’t help unless therapist deals first with the narcissistic disorder imagine you’re "into the clients’ skin" cultivate feelings of being understood use empathy and introspection (not free association and suspended attention) When children develop normally, Oedipus complex may be a joyful experience   Otto Kernberg (1928-) Narcissistic disorder parents who were indifferent, cold, subtly hostile and vengeful exaggerated self-images insatiable need for approval from other people the result of drives not neutralized Borderline personality disorders unable to engage in introspection or develop insight strong mood swings see significant others as all good or all bad on the border between functioning adequately and lapsing into psychotic episodes diagnose on causal description of early historical relationships Splitting introduced the concept failing to consolidate positive and negative experiences swing back and forth between conflicting images you are either good or bad Treatment "expressive psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy" face to face, intensive session, 3+ times per week, stress current behavior complete transference is not permitted don’t resolve transference by interpretation alone directly state distortions Feelings are psychophysiological structures evolved to assist in surviving building blocks of drives Aggression is a major motivating force