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Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Life Born in Penzing, Austria (near Vienna) Frail & sickly (rickets) 2nd child of six Father was a wealthy grain merchant Mother favored his older brother Sigmund Adler 1895, MD from U of Vienna 1902, Freud invited him to join  “Wednesday evening discussions” Sigmund was 14 years older Like an older, wiser brother Competition 1910, Adler become president of Vienna Analytic Society 1911, complete break with Freud 1916-18, Drafted into army WWI, physician on the Russian front “War is not the continuation of politics with other means, but the greatest social crime against the solidarity of humanity.”   1921, opened chain of 30 child-guidance clinics 1926, visit US (extended stay) 1934, moved from Vienna to Long Island 1937, died on a lecture tour to Scotland Heart attack at Aberdeen University   Founder of “individual psychology Coined the term “feelings of inferiority” Not more valuable than another Moving higher in rank toward completeness Getting closer to perfection Reaching our full potential   Compensation Compensation is good Make up for weakness Demosthenes 384-322 BC Speech impediment; stammered Compensated:    Put pebbles in his mouth    Recited verses while running    Became Greek’s greatest orator Annette Kellerman Mother of synchronized swimming Creator of 1-piece swim suit Began swimming because of childhood illness; barely able to walk Overcompensating is bad Take advantage of other people Try to cover up a weakness   Six distinctively-Adlerian concepts: a. Family constellation position within the family sibling rivalry b. Pampered child Spoiled and protected Greatest curse of childhood Deprived of right to be independent c. Inferiority complex unfulfilled, overwhelmed by inferiority organ inferiorities some body parts stronger circus performers psychological inferiorities concentrate only on what good at math phobia d. Superiority complex pretending to be superior exaggerate own importance e. Compensation = striving to overcome f.   Life lie self-deception mistaken style of life   More Adlerian concepts: Masculine protest Demands to have his own way Normal for boys Boys are encouraged to be assertive in life Boys and girls begin life with the capacity for "protest!" Girls not encouraged to be assertive Woman act & dress like man to compensate   Three situations that make a faulty lifestyle 1. Organ inferiorities & childhood diseases     "Overburdened“     Tend to be focus on themselves     Most = strong sense of inferiority     Some = overcompensate: superiority complex     Few truly compensate; need the encouragement of loved ones 2. Pampered child     Taught by the actions of others     Can take without giving     Their wish is everyone else's command     Pampered child fails in two ways   1. doesn't learn to do for himself; discovers later that he is truly inferior   2. doesn't learn any other way to act; always gives commands         Society responds with hatred 3. Neglect     Told they are of no value     Taught to trust no one     Learn inferiority     Orphans, victims of abuse, parents are never there or rigid rules   Style of life = how live your life Teleology = moving towards the future   Fictional finalism Behave “as if” (philosopher Hans Vaihinger) as if knew world will be here tomorrow as if were sure what is good and bad as if everything we see is as we see it “As if” heaven & hell real "fiction" = can’t be proven “finalism” = won’t know until future But it influences our behavior today Psyche = ultimate finalism Social interest originally called Gemeinschaftsgefuhl "community feeling“ can’t exist or thrive without others social animals Self-guarding tendencies = to not feel inferior Neuroses = unrealistic life goals   Adler’s 3 “entrance gates” to mental life a. Birth order Only child pampered special care parents more anxious no one to rely on 1st child begins as an only child dethroned battle for lost position act like the baby disobedient and rebellious sullen and withdrawn most likely to be problem children more conservative precocious 2nd child has first child to be “pace-setter” tries to surpass the older child competitive tend to dream of constant running without getting anywhere Other "middle" children are similar to second child; each may focus on a different "competitor" Youngest child most pampered only one who is never dethroned second most likely problem children incredible inferiority; everyone older & "therefore" superior; can be driven to exceed all of them b. Earliest memory Concerned with the theme If involves security & attention, might be pampered If recall aggressive competition with your older brother, "ruling" personality If involves neglect or hiding, it might mean severe inferiority and avoidance c. Dreams Includes daydreams An expression of your style of life Reflect your goals If can't remember any dreams,  fantasize   Personality Types 3 styles have no social interest Differ on amount of energy use Ruling dominates people lots of energy Leaning also called “getting” type rather get than give some energy Avoiding try to escape no energy Socially useful 4th type has both social interest & energy   Therapy Client caught in dark room & can’t find an exit Mirror Technique = looks at self in mirror Favorite questions  “And why do you feel like that?“ "What purpose does your illness serve?" "What do you think is the reason for your reacting that way?"   Carl Jung (1875-1961)    Life Born in Kessewil, Switzerland July 26, 1875 Father (Paul Jung) was a minister Mother (Emilie Preiswerk Jung) Didn't care for school Kept to himself Didn’t like competition Boarding school in Basel, Switzerland Teased by others Tended to faint under pressure First career choice was archeology MD, University of Basel Work under famous neurologist Krafft-Ebing      1913, in the fall, has a vision “Monstrous flood“ Engulfing most of Europe Comes to mountains of Switzerland Thousands drown & civilization crumble Waters turned into blood Followed by several weeks of dreams of eternal winters and rivers of blood 1916, August 1, World War I began 1918-1928, self-exploration Wrote down his dreams, fantasies & visions Drew, painted, and sculpted them Common threads Formed into ‘persons’ wise old man = spiritual guru little girl = "anima“: the feminine soul; his medium with his unconscious leathery dwarf guards the unconscious; the shadow Lots of dreams about death dead people the land of the dead the rising of the dead Represented the unconscious itself Not the "little" personal unconscious Collective unconscious of humanity Contain all the dead, including our personal ghosts Mentally ill are haunted by ghosts personal ghosts collective unconscious   10 characteristics of Jung: a.  Amplification Different from free association Focus repeatedly on same element Give multiple associations b.  Persona = social role c.  Shadow = un-social feelings & thoughts Opposite side of persona d.  Anima-Animus Anima = feminine side of male Animus = masculine side of female e.  Archetype = universal themes affect behavior f. Synchronicity = meaningful coincidences g. Transcendence = integration of self systems h. Primordial images Memory traces from ancestral past Including pre-human i. Collective unconscious = composed of primodial images j. Personal unconscious = stores personal experiences   Other characteristics of Jung: Complexes = an organized group of thoughts and feelings about something So preoccupied influences most behavior Mother Self = the central archetype Constellating power = attracts new ideas into it and integrates them Transpersonal = extends across persons Mandala = the symbol of self; self striving for wholeness Compensatory function = speak for the unconscious Psychic birth Starts in adolescence Psyche shows definite form Personality grows throughout life Big changes in middle years (35-40) Teleology Moving toward future Like Adler Causality = relative causality "The discoveries of modern physics have, as we know, brought about a significant change in our scientific picture of the world, in that they have shattered the absolute validity of natural law and made it relative." (CW 8, p. 421) Indeterminacy of sub nuclear particles in quantum mechanics "The philosophical principle that underlies our conception of natural law is causality" If there are events in which causality does not hold, we must look for another "principle of explanation." (p. 421) Synchronicity   Jung’s 4 basic functions a.  sensation b.  intuition c.  thinking d.  feeling   8 Personality Types 4 basic functions Sensation-intuition = how deal with facts and reality Thinking-feeling = logic, value and attitudes 2 primary attitudes toward reality introversion inward to subjective world direct psychic energy more inwardly focused extroversion outward to objective world direct psychic energy towards the things in external world   Assessments Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Word association test Active imagination Rorschach Myers-Briggs 16 different 4-letter combinations EI Extroversion-Introversion SN Sensing-Intuition FT Feeling-Thinking JP Judgement-Perception Sensation (S) seeks fullest possible experience of what is immediate and real Intuition (N) seeks the broadest view of what is possible and insightful Thinking (T) seeks rational order and plan according to impersonal logic Feeling (F) seeks rational order according to harmony among subjective values